Friday, May 31, 2019

The Feminist Perspective of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Essay -- Buffy Va

The Feminist Perspective of Buffy the vampire SlayerIn her feminist critique of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Anne Millard Daughtey described Buffy as a show which obviously promotes female strength and power (159). Buffy herself is a symbol of female empowerment (149) as feminists we can all take puff of air in the fact that Buffy kicks butt and so can we all (164). Sherryl Vint agrees that Buffy is a positive role model for young women, one which feminism should celebrate (para. 3). I find this understanding of Buffy, both the character and the series, to be very problematic, and with this paper I aim to undertake a revised feminist critique of the show, and give the Buffyverse as the product of a very traditional patriarchal world view which pays lip service to a superficial feminist fashioning. This is not to sweep Daughtey and Vints reading of the Slayer completely a defining feature of Buffy the Vampire Slayer is the liminal position it occupies, at once advocating and refuting p ositivist feminist readings. However, it is my contention that women in the series are all portrayed in stereotypical ways which have been generated by patriarchy throughout the ages, and all of which serve to empty femininity, go forth the women as functional (fantasy) symbols only the bluestocking (Willow, Jenny Calendar), the dumb but pretty cheerleader (Cordelia, and to a greater extent Harmony), the witch (Willow, Tara), the sexual hysteric (Dru), the madwoman (Glory). To refurbishment to Irigaray, in the Buffyverse there is no such thing as woman, only artificial constructions of femininity, a theme neatly encapsulated in the character of Buffys sister put over. Dawn suddenly enters the show in season five in an initially bewildering ser... ...ague Summers. London Arrow Books, 1971. Playden, Zoe Jane. What you are, whats to come Feminisms, Citizenship and the Divine. Reading the SIgler An Unofficial Critical accompany to Buff and Angel. Ed. Roy Kaverney. London New York T auris Parke Paperbacks, 2002. 120-147.Purkiss, Diane. The Witch in History Early Modem and Twentieth Century Representations. London Routledge, 1996. Vint, Sherryl. Killing us Softly A Feminist calculate for the RealBuffy. Slayage 5. 9 Dec 2002. <http//www.slayage.tv/essays/slayage5/vint.html Whedon, Joss. Interview with Tasha Robinson. The Onion AV Club 37.31. 13 Dec 2002. <http//www.theonionavclub.com Winslade, J. Lawton. Teen Witches, Wiccans, and Wanna Blessed Bes Pop Culture Magic in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Slayage 1. 9 Dec. 2002 http//www.slayage.tv/ essays/slayage 1 /winslade.html

Thursday, May 30, 2019

The Right to Privacy Essay examples -- Bill of Rights

Individuals are born with certain liberty and freedom. Some freedom are being protected by the Bill of Rights, deal freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly, and some are not. Privacy is one of the rights that was not mention in the Constitution. The definition of the right to solitude is the right to be left whole without presidential terms intrusion. Throughout history the Supreme Court has been ruling in favor of the right to privacy like in the cases of Griswold v. computed axial tomography, Roe v. Wade, and Lawrence v. Texas. deal who believe that the Constitution should be taken literally protest that this is an act of judicial activism, or judiciary misuse of political motive to implement their avow opinion on federal laws. Then there are those who believe that the judiciary pursuit justice when protecting individuals the right to privacy. In this paper I will argue that the right to privacy is an example of the judicial authority in pursuit of justice becaus e it is inferred in the Constitution, its a just liberty, and its in the assure of nature.The judiciary authority is responsible for individuals right to privacy because it exists in the state of nature. Does the Constitution protects privacy? Justice Douglas answered yes. In the court case of Griswold v. Connecticut, Griswold offered informations about birth control to married couples. His action violate with the state law of Connecticut which prohibited either use of device that will prevent contraception (261). This court case raise a question of the right to privacy that protect individual from government intrusion. There were difficulties in addressing the question because unlike other liberties and freedoms, the right to privacy was not stated directly in the Constitution.... ...225-229. Douglas, J. eyeshot of the Court. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965). Ed. D. Hartouni. D. Horwitz. D. Skrentny. 261-262.Hamilton, Alexander. The Federalist no 78 (1788). Ed. D. Hartouni. D. Horwitz. D. Skrentny. 75-78. Hartouni, Valerie. Horwitz, Robert. Skrentny, John. prop of Culture 2 Justice. San Diego, CA University Readers, 2011. Locke, John. Chapter II Of the State of Nature. Chapter V Of Property. Chapter IX Of the Ends of Political Society and Government. The Second Treatise of Government (1690). Ed. D. Hartouni. D. Horwitz. D. Skrentny. 21-36.Peckham, J. Opinion of the Court. Lochner v. impudently York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905). Ed. D. Hartouni. D. Horwitz. D. Skrentny. 231-237.Taney, Roger, J. Opinion of the Court. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857). Ed. D. Hartouni. D. Horwitz. D. Skrentny. 151-156. The Right to Privacy Essay examples -- Bill of RightsIndividuals are born with certain liberty and freedom. Some freedom are being protected by the Bill of Rights, like freedom of religion, speech, press, and assembly, and some are not. Privacy is one of the rights that was not mention in the Constitution. The definition of the r ight to privacy is the right to be left alone without governments intrusion. Throughout history the Supreme Court has been ruling in favor of the right to privacy like in the cases of Griswold v. Connecticut, Roe v. Wade, and Lawrence v. Texas. People who believe that the Constitution should be taken literally protest that this is an act of judicial activism, or judiciary misuse of political power to implement their own opinion on federal laws. Then there are those who believe that the judiciary pursuit justice when protecting individuals the right to privacy. In this paper I will argue that the right to privacy is an example of the judicial authority in pursuit of justice because it is inferred in the Constitution, its a just liberty, and its in the state of nature.The judiciary authority is responsible for individuals right to privacy because it exists in the state of nature. Does the Constitution protects privacy? Justice Douglas answered yes. In the court case of Griswold v. Co nnecticut, Griswold offered informations about birth control to married couples. His action violate with the state law of Connecticut which prohibited any use of device that will prevent contraception (261). This court case raise a question of the right to privacy that protect individual from government intrusion. There were difficulties in addressing the question because unlike other liberties and freedoms, the right to privacy was not stated directly in the Constitution.... ...225-229. Douglas, J. Opinion of the Court. Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965). Ed. D. Hartouni. D. Horwitz. D. Skrentny. 261-262.Hamilton, Alexander. The Federalist No. 78 (1788). Ed. D. Hartouni. D. Horwitz. D. Skrentny. 75-78. Hartouni, Valerie. Horwitz, Robert. Skrentny, John. Dimension of Culture 2 Justice. San Diego, CA University Readers, 2011. Locke, John. Chapter II Of the State of Nature. Chapter V Of Property. Chapter IX Of the Ends of Political Society and Government. The Second Treatis e of Government (1690). Ed. D. Hartouni. D. Horwitz. D. Skrentny. 21-36.Peckham, J. Opinion of the Court. Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905). Ed. D. Hartouni. D. Horwitz. D. Skrentny. 231-237.Taney, Roger, J. Opinion of the Court. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857). Ed. D. Hartouni. D. Horwitz. D. Skrentny. 151-156.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

To Learn...Or Not to Learn Essay -- Education

Have you ever been a student, and you think the teacher is estimable talking to hear themselves talk? Do you feel yourself being filled with information you will never use in the Real World? These questions declare been asked many times and by many people. The school system in the United States is changing from the foundation to the top. The school system has failed many students by their teaching method methods and also the textbooks students are forced to use. People such as Paulo Freire PhD and Dr. pack Loewen have observed countless hours of good teaching and bad teaching methods. Freire observed and wrote about the different methods of teaching that are being used, and Loewen wrote about how the textbooks are only telling us certain parts of our history. Paulo Reglus Neves Freire, PhD was born in brazil-nut tree on September 19, 1921 and died May 2, 1997. Paul Freire was well known for his theories on learning. His most noteworthy work was Pedagogy of the Oppressed. In 19 93 an exert audition The Banking Concept of Learning appeared in continuum. This essay brings to light many ideas current students and alumni have long known teachers are just using the students head as receptacles for their knowledge. Freire noted many ideas on this subject that are true. Just set back and remember your high school classes or even your college classes. A a few(prenominal) examples of one concept Freire named the narrative concept is when the teacher teaches and the students learn, the teacher issues discipline and the students are the recipient and the teacher confuses the knowledge with their own professional authority, in which this limits the immunity of creativity for the students. Teaching such as the narrative concept terro... ...able learning people. The problem-posing concept and practice take the students as face value, and allow a more comfortable atmosphere for learning. Another major flaw in the educational system was identified by Dr. James Loew en, in which he detect a plethora of misinformation in many History textbooks and other historical artifacts. America wake up, we have to learn the proper way to teach our education but we also have to get our history straight before we send it out into the public. Works CitedThe Banking Concept of Education, Trans. Myra Bergman Ramos Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Paulo Freire PhD. New York Continuum, 1993. PrintLoewen, James W. Lies My Teacher Told Me Everything Your History Textbook Got Wrong. From Inquiry to Academic Writing. Ed. Stuart Greene, April Lidinsky. Boston Bradford, 2012. 383-403. Print.

Gullivers Travels :: essays papers

Gullivers TravelsJonathan Swift wrote Gullivers Travels in 1762 with the intent ofentertaining many a(prenominal) people. Entertainment through satire is what Swifthad in mind. This was carry out when Bantam Books first publishedhis tales in 1962. It was again published by Bantam Books in 1981, NewYork, New York being the place of publication.To fully find out Gullivers Travels, one moldiness first reflectupon the following the plot, character, setting, theme,point of view, conflict, climax, resolution, symbolism, and figurativelanguage. These ideas will help the reader comprehend some of theideas portrayed passim the novel, as well as why Swift wrote them.The setting plays an important role in all novels, but inGullivers Travels, one must take into consideration that thefour different parts of the obtain have different settings. The firstsetting is more or less on an island called Lilliput, on November 5,1699. Gulliver ended up on this island due to a ship wreck. These tting to the second part of the novel happens to be upon his arrivalto another island that Gulliver wishes to inspect for water. This wason the 16th of June, 1703. The third part of the book has manydifferent little scenes. The first of which takes place on Laputa anisland of deformed creatures. The fourth and final part of the booktakes place in the country of Houyhnhnms, in 1711.The main character, Gulliver, is a well educated sailor. Hehas been recommended to be a surgeon. Traveling around theworld, exploring new places, Gulliver meets many new cultures andcivilizations. Gulliver wears clothes not uncommon to the 1700s. Hehas long hair, that sometimes restricts him from turning his head.Gulliver is a round character. This can be seen when he refers to pastexperiences during an adventure. This heart that he can compare thetwo situations, thus learning from it. There are many minorcharacters. Easier referred to by the names of their people. Thembeing the small Lillip utians, the lusus naturae Brobdingnags, the creaturesat Lugnagg and Balnibarbi, with the islands of Laputa andBlubdrubdrib. And finally, the Yahoos and Houyhnhnms. Gulliversstories are told in the first person by himself.Some very important symbols are used throughout the novel to withdraw some very important ideas. One of these symbols wouldbe when Gulliver relieves himself on the Lilliputians royal castle toput out a fire. It seems, as though how silly something whitethorn seem, it

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Comparing The Chrysalids and The Day of the Triffids :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Chrysalids and The Day of the Triffids _____John Wyndhams science fiction novels, The Chrysalids and The Day of the Triffids, do not focus on incredible and unbelievable developments in technology, as do novels of numerous of the stereotypical science fiction writers, yet instead focus on how the people particularly the protagonist, deal with the many uncomfortable situations they are face in the frightening world of the future. _____The Day of the Triffids is perhaps Wyndhams best known novel, and tells of explosions in space blinding a large proportion of the population, at the kindred time as an agricultural experiment goes horribly wrong, and millions of triffids, carnivorous plants, populate every corner of the globe, threatening mankinds very existence. In The Day of the Triffids, Wyndham speculates on many things. He contemplates how the people would deal with wide-spread blindness, and how they would accept the danger of carnivorous plants on the loose - not a conte mporary invention, simply basic biology working(a) against us. In his writings he considers how the remaining people of the world would deal with such a situation, that changing situations do require new slipway, and what new ways would gain acceptance. _____Speculation about how people would react widespread blindness is an integral part of The Day of the Triffids. Wyndham considered what the consequences would be that most of the population would die of starvation because of their inability to carry out normal daily tasks such as buying the groceries and preparing meals without the assistance of a person with twenty-twenty vision, not to mention the overhanging danger of the triffids. My dear, I said. I dont the likes of this anymore than you do. Ive put the alternative badly before you. Do we help those who have survived the catastrophe to rebuild some kind of life? (p 103) Wyndham uses quotes such as that above to allow the reader to consider what the consequences would b e, and also to work on the conscience of the receiving character. Wyndham considers how the people of the world would cope in such a inglorious situation with an overwhelming majority of the population being blind, where the small proportion still sighted are relied on by numbers of one thousand to one for the survival of the human race. He focuses on the devotion and responsibility it would take, to in effect, save civilization as we now know it.

Comparing The Chrysalids and The Day of the Triffids :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Chrysalids and The Day of the Triffids _____John Wyndhams science fiction novels, The Chrysalids and The Day of the Triffids, do not focus on incredible and unbelievable developments in technology, as do novels of many of the stereotypical science fiction writers, yet instead focus on how the people pickicularly the protagonist, deal with the many uncomfortable situations they are faced in the frightening world of the future. _____The Day of the Triffids is perhaps Wyndhams best known novel, and tells of explosions in space blinding a large proportion of the population, at the same time as an agricultural experiment goes horribly wrong, and millions of triffids, carnivorous plants, populate any corner of the globe, threatening mankinds very existence. In The Day of the Triffids, Wyndham speculates on many things. He contemplates how the people would deal with wide-spread blindness, and how they would accept the danger of carnivorous plants on the calorie-free - not a contem porary invention, simply basic biology working against us. In his writings he considers how the remaining people of the world would deal with such a situation, that changing situations do require new ways, and what new ways would gain acceptance. _____Speculation about how people would react widespread blindness is an integral part of The Day of the Triffids. Wyndham considered what the consequences would be that most of the population would die of starvation because of their inability to carry out normal daily tasks such as buying the groceries and preparing meals without the care of a person with twenty-twenty vision, not to mention the overhanging danger of the triffids. My dear, I said. I dont like this anymore than you do. Ive put the alternative badly before you. Do we help those who baffle survived the catastrophe to rebuild some kind of life? (p 103) Wyndham uses quotes such as that above to allow the reader to consider what the consequences would be, and also to work on the sense of right and wrong of the receiving character. Wyndham considers how the people of the world would cope in such a disastrous situation with an overwhelming majority of the population being blind, where the small proportion belt up sighted are relied on by numbers of one thousand to one for the survival of the human race. He focuses on the devotion and responsibility it would take, to in effect, save civilization as we now know it.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Hillcrest Medical Essay

Chief Complaint Tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, fast heart rate. invoice OF PRESENT ILLINESS Mr. Barua is a 42 year old gentleman from Bangladesh who presents with chest tightness, shortness of breath, and tachycardia. Dr. J.K McClean of cardiology is evaluating his heart condition. The long-suffering has had the recent onset of hemoptysis. He was treated for terabit in Bangladesh 15 years ago. This has prompted the concern of weather his treatment of tuberculosis was adequate or if weather there is an new(prenominal) cause of his hemoptysis. The duration of his tuberculosis treatment was obviously adequate, according to his wife. But no records are for sale. In addition, the patient had thrombosis of the axially artery treated last year at Hillcrest. He had an embolectomy and has been on warfarin since. INR is significantly elevated at 16.None the less, because of the cavitary lesions that are seen in the right and left upper lobes, the possibility of tuberculosis has been raised. Ancillary history was been given by the wife, Nupaul, with the patient translating for her from the Indie language. PAST HISTORY Tuberculosis is the past. Embolectomy at Hillcrest last year. SOCIAL HISTORY Married with two daughters. Patient has been in the USA for 10 years. The patient has no recent history of smoking he smoked in the past. But the amount is unclear. He is a restaurant manager for the Marriot hotel chain. FAMILY HISTORY No known family history of diabetes, heart disease, or cancer. Mother died of a stroke and father was killed in a MVA in Bangladesh. REVIEW OF SYSTEMS Negative other than as stated in HPI.PHYSCIAL EXAMINATION Vital signs are WNL. Apparently he has had no fever, chills or night sweats. Generalized malaise and the lack of zero has been the main concern. HEART Regular rate a rhythm with S1 and S2. No S3 or S4 is heard at this time. LUNGS Bilateral bronchi. No significant euphoric sounds were noted. tum Soft non tender. No hepatosplen omegagaly detected. RESTAL Prostate smooth and firm, no stool present of Hemoccult test. DIAGNOSIS Hemoptysis with history of tuberculosis.PLAN I have reviewed the chest x-rays available here and agree with the finding of bleb formation in the right and left upper lobes. Despite the patient has had a high INR, because of his history of hempotysis and tuberculosis I believe obtaining sputum for TB is very, very important. We should rule out any other endobronchial lesions are the cause of his bleeding. I have discussed this matter with the patient and his wife. I told them that there is a possibility of observing the condition via x-rays and repeated tested of sputum. They understand that this is an option However, they have decided because of the concern regarding of his repeating hemoptysis, they would consent to bronchoscopy. We will arrange for the patient to have a bronchoscopy done. The patient is off Coumadin. We will recheck the prothrombin time and INR tomorrow. Depending o n those results we will proceed with bronchoscopy and further evaluation.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Internet and Teenagers

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF E-LEARNING finished INTERNET SERVICE FOR TEENAGERS Historically, the world centuries sustained a genuinely hard quantify due to conservatism and backwardness of the battalion. No such sophisticated technology tools for assisting humans tasks. Communication was also very hard to reach at that time due to the limitation of technological media devices. Literally the civilization had undergone a substantial movement toward the human resource development. volume began doing experiments and creating some opuses to help their job.Eventually, the world societies immediately have succeeded to invent a useful technology tools to live and ease humans activities in the twenty-first centuries. So does Indonesia, we finally also could achieve the upbeat of its advantages and wake up from any restrictiveness. Beforehand, while Ki Hadjar Dewantara, the first minister of education in Indonesia, make education facilities for Indonesian society establishment. However, le arning was not effective. learn might just learn intimately history and uncertain fellowship. At that moment, the media experienced retardation, nevertheless not all.Indonesia was very slowly and vulnerably running for education quality standard because the lack of resources at almost all aspects in the country. In gain the race should move to overseas countries to seek much knowledge and experience. It was different from the presence, we can know scratch education since early age to university level and the agreement has been upgraded and standardized. One very good and simple example of Technology developments that is Internet which in the same time it also produces a more sophisticated outline for education world like we call E-learning.E-Learning is the learning process by dint of multimedia based-class. Its process is unblemished with sophisticated electronic devices to support Teaching Learning Process. As the result of E-Learning and Multimedia Based-Class, we wi ll understand more broadly about the lesson and science through supporting media. E-learning is not applied by employ computer, television or LCD Projector only, further, we can also operate it by internet services to muster up broader and wider information online, news or science.In the system of E-Learning through Internet Services both tecaher and students will be possibly integrated one another so that Learning Process must be more effective and efficient. Beyond that, there atomic number 18 two benefits at least of E-learning those are 1)It can represent benefits for students. They will be easier to find a wider knowledge through the internet services they can also consult with teacher about lesson or preparation online with eagle-eyed Distance Learning (LDL) system. 2)It also brings benefit for teacher.The teachers will be easier to update and browse the new materials for teaching and get easier to find other information source by Internet Utilization. In particular, th e death penalty of E-Learning system can enhance and escalate gradually the groom societies as consequence the school performance might be visible and obtained. As a matter of fact that nowadays internet also has negative impact towards teenagers. Many people bleed to blame the media on social morality disorder.Mostly people assume internet service can bring much harm to the youth, because in fact today many kids misuse the media for bad things such as watching blue movies, browsing porno pictures and dating-courtship. Therefore, in this case, parents and teachers role is necessary to constraint the Internet Use. We cannot possibly blame the media, because the media only useful objects as supporting system to accomplish peoples tasks, to help learning process and to arrive at new information.Eventually, hoping government may help people to support societys education and to implement E-learning through Internet Services as Long Distance Learning System at school is one good thi ng to do as a resident. Education budget should be change magnitude in order that Indonesian young generations are not away behind from developed countries human resources. In summary, E-learning is Online Long Distance Learning apply to support Teaching Leaning Process at Classroom. E-learning makes teaching learning process work more effective and efficient to create a best(p) and modern Teching Learning Design.Internet and TeenagersTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF E-LEARNING THROUGH INTERNET SERVICE FOR TEENAGERS Historically, the world centuries sustained a very hard time due to conservatism and backwardness of the people. No such sophisticated technology tools for assisting humans tasks. Communication was also very hard to reach at that time due to the limitation of technological media devices. Literally the civilization had undergone a substantial movement toward the human resource development. People began doing experiments and creating some opuses to help their job.Eventually, the wo rld societies today have succeeded to invent a useful technology tools to represent and ease humans activities in the 21st centuries. So does Indonesia, we finally also could achieve the benefit of its advantages and wake up from any restrictiveness. Beforehand, while Ki Hadjar Dewantara, the first minister of education in Indonesia, built education facilities for Indonesian society establishment. However, learning was not effective. Learning might just learn about history and uncertain knowledge. At that moment, the media experienced retardation, even not all.Indonesia was very slowly and vulnerably running for education quality standard because the lack of resources at almost all aspects in the country. In addition the people should move to overseas countries to seek more knowledge and experience. It was different from the presence, we can know starting education since early age to university level and the system has been upgraded and standardized. One very good and simple example of Technology developments that is Internet which in the same time it also produces a more sophisticated system for education world like we call E-learning.E-Learning is the learning process through multimedia based-class. Its process is completed with sophisticated electronic devices to support Teaching Learning Process. As the result of E-Learning and Multimedia Based-Class, we will understand more broadly about the lesson and science through supporting media. E-learning is not applied by using computer, television or LCD Projector only, further, we can also operate it by internet services to find broader and wider information online, news or science.In the system of E-Learning through Internet Services both tecaher and students will be possibly integrated one another so that Learning Process must be more effective and efficient. Beyond that, there are two benefits at least of E-learning those are 1)It can bring benefits for students. They will be easier to find a wider knowledge through the internet services they can also consult with teacher about lesson or homework online with Long Distance Learning (LDL) system. 2)It also brings benefit for teacher.The teachers will be easier to update and browse the new materials for teaching and get easier to find other data source by Internet Utilization. In particular, the implementation of E-Learning system can enhance and escalate gradually the school societies as consequence the school achievement might be visible and obtained. As a matter of fact that nowadays internet also has negative impact towards teenagers. Many people tend to blame the media on social morality disorder.Mostly people assume internet service can bring much harm to the youth, because in fact today many kids misuse the media for bad things such as watching blue movies, browsing porno pictures and dating-courtship. Therefore, in this case, parents and teachers role is necessary to control the Internet Use. We cannot possibly blame the media, be cause the media only useful objects as supporting system to accomplish peoples tasks, to help learning process and to discover new information.Eventually, hoping government may help people to support societys education and to implement E-learning through Internet Services as Long Distance Learning System at school is one good thing to do as a resident. Education budget should be increased in order that Indonesian young generations are not away behind from developed countries human resources. In summary, E-learning is Online Long Distance Learning used to support Teaching Leaning Process at Classroom. E-learning makes teaching learning process work more effective and efficient to create a better and modern Teching Learning Design.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Literary Translation Essay

Literary studies check always, explicitly or implicitly, presupposed a certain touch of literariness with which it has been able to delimit its domain, specify, and sanction its methodologies and approach shotes to its subject. This nonion of literariness is crucial for the theoretical thinking ab off literary explanation. In this paper, I hit essay to analyze mingled recent theoretical positions to the subject atomic number 18a of literary variant and sought to understand them in the con text edition of the development in the field of literary studies in the furthermost three decades of the twentieth century.The recent developments in the literary studies have radic eithery questi mavind the traditional indispensableist notion of literariness and the idea of canon from various theoretical perspectives. I have contrasted the traditional discourse on literary translation with the recent discourse in order to highlight the shift in the notion of literariness and its impact on translation theory. The traditional essentialist approach to literature, which Lefevere (1988173) calls the corpus approach is based on the Romantic notion of literature which sees the author as a quasi-divine creator possessing one.He is deald to be the origin of the Creation that is Original, Unique, organic, transcendental and hence sacred. Translation so is a mere copy of the unique entity, which by definition is uncopy-able. As the spokesperson is not the origin of the work of art, he does not possess genius, and he is considered merely a drudge, a proletariat, and a shudra in the literary Varna schema. This traditional approach is due to the Platonic-Christian metaphysical underpinning of the Western culture.The original versus copy dichotomy is deeply rooted in the Western thought. This is the reason why the West has been traditionally hostile and allergic to the notion of translation. The traditional discussion of the chores of literary translation considers findi ng equivalents not just for lexis, syntax or impressions, notwithstanding in any case for features like style, genre, figurative linguistic communication, historical stylistic dimensions, polyvalence, connotations as substantially as denotations, cultural items and culture-specific concepts and nurses.The choices made by the translators like the decision whether to wait stylistic features of the source language text or whether to retain the historical stylistic dimension of the original become all the more measurable in the case of literary translation. For instance, whether to translate Chaucer into old Marathi or contemporary argon in truth important. In the case of translating poetry, it is vital for a translator to decide whether the poetry should be translated into verse, or into free verse or into prose.Most of the scholars and translators like Jakobson (1991151) believe that in the case of poetry though it is by definition impracticable but creative transposition is possible . It is the creative dimension of translation that comes to fore in the translation of poetry though nobody seems to be reliable of what is meant by creativity in the first of all place. The word is charged with theological-Romantic connotations typical of the corpus approach to literature.The drumheads around which the deliberations ab forbidden translation at bottom such a conceptual framework argon made are preferably stereotyped and limited as the literary text, especially a poem is unique, organic satisfying and original is the translation possible at all? Should translation be literal or free? Should it emphasize the content or the form? stop a faithful translation be beautiful? The answers to the question range from one extreme to the an former(a)(prenominal) and usually end in some classification of a compromise.The great writers and translators gave their nearly-known dictums some translations, which reflected these traditional beliefs ab verboten it . For Dante (1265-1321) all poetry is untranslatable (cited by Brower 1966 271) and for Frost (1974-1963) poetry is that which is lost out of twain prose and verse in translation (cited by Webb 203) while Yves Bonnefoy says You can translate by simply declaring one poem the translation of another (1991186-192). On the other hand theorists like Pound (1929, 1950), Fitzgerald (1878) say the live Dog is better than the dead Lion, believe in freedom in translation.The others like Nabokov (1955) believe The clumsiest of literal translation is a thousand times more useful than prettiest of paraphrase. Walter Benjamin, Longfellow (1807-81), Schleriermacher, Martindale (1984), seem to favour much more faithful translation or believe in foreignizing the native language. While most of the translators like Dryden are on the side of some sort of compromise betwixt the two extremes.Lefevere has prefigureed out that most of the writings done on the footing of the concept of literature as a co rpus attempt to provide translators with certain guidelines, dos and donts and that these writings are essentially normative even if they dont state their norms explicitly. These norms, according to Lefevere, are not far removed from the poetics of a specific literary period or even run behind the poetics of the period (1988173). Even the approaches based on the objective and scientific foundations of linguistics are not entirely neutral in their preferences and implicit value judgements.Some writings on translation based on this approach are obsess with the translation handle and coming up with some model for description of the process. As Theo Hermans (19859-10) correctly observes that in spite of some impressive semiotic terminology, tortuous schemes and diagrams illustrating the mental process of decoding messages in one medium and encoding them in another, they could hardly describe the actual conversion that takes place within the humans mind, that blackest of black boxes. Lefevere notes, the descriptive approach was not very useful when it came to decide what good translation is and what is bad. Most of recent developments in translation theory ol pointory perception for alternatives to these essentializing approaches. Instead of considering literature as an autonomous and independent domain, it sees it in much broader social and cultural framework. It sees literature as a social institution and relate to other social institutions. It examines the complex interconnections between poetics, politics, metaphysics, and history.It borrows its analytical tools from various social sciences like linguistics, semiotics, anthropology, history, economics, and psychoanalysis. It is closely allied to the discipline of cultural studies, as discussed by Jenks (1993187) in using culture as a descriptive rather than normative category as well as working within an expanded concept of culture, which rejects the high versus low stratification. It is keenly interested in the historical and semipolitical dimension of literature.Paradigm shift to use Theo Hermans phrase or the Cultural shepherds crook in the discipline of translation theory has made a significant impact in the way we look at translation. Translation is as a form of intercultural communication raising the fusss that are not merely at the verbal aim or at the linguistic level. As Talgeri and Verma (19883) decently point out, a word is, essentially a cultural memory in which the historical experience of the society is embedded. H. C.Trivedi (1971 3) observes that while translating from an Indian language into English one is faced with two main problems first one has to deal with concepts which require an understanding of Indian culture and secondly, one has to arrive at TL message equivalents of references to certain objects in SL, which includes features absent from TL culture. The awareness that one does not look for merely verbal equivalents but also for cultural equivalents, if there are any, goes a long way in helping the translator to decide the strategies he or she has to use.Translation then is no longer a problem of merely finding verbal equivalents but also of interpreting a text encoded in one semiotic system with the help of another. The notion of intertextuality as formulated by the semiotician Julia Kristeva is extremely significant in this regard. She points out that any signifying system or practice already consists of other modes of cultural substance (198859-60).A literary text would implicate not only other verbal texts but also other modes of signification like food, fashion, local medicative systems, metaphysical systems, traditional and conventional narratives like myths, literary texts, legends as well as literary conventions like genres, literary devices, and other symbolic structures. It would be to the highest degree tautological to state that the elements of the text, which are specific to the culture and the language, would be untranslatable. The whole enterprise of finding cultural equivalents raises awareness of the difference and similarities between the cultures .It also brings into centre the important question of cultural identity. Else Ribeiro Pires Vieira (199942) remarks that it is ultimately impossible to translate one cultural identity into another. So the act of translation is intimately related to the question of cultural identity, difference and similarity. A rather interesting approach to literary translation comes from Michel Riffaterre (1992 204-217).He separates literary and non-literary use of language by saying that literature is different because i) it semioticicizes the discursive features e.g. lexical selection is made morphophonemically as well as semantically, ii) it substitutes semiosis for mimesis which gives literary language its indirection, and iii) it has the textuality that integrates semantic components of the verbal sequence (the ones open to linear decoding)-a theor etically open-ended sequence-into one closed, finite semiotic, system that is , the parts of a literary texts are vitally linked to the whole of the text and the text is more or less self contained.Hence the literary translation should reflect or imitate these differences. He considers a literary text as an artifact and it contains the signals, which mark it as an artifact. Translation should also imitate or reflect these markers. He goes on to say that as we perceive a certain text as literary based on certain presuppositions we should render these literariness inducing presuppositions.Though this seems rather like traditional and formalist approach, what should be noted here is that Riffaterre is perceiving literariness in a rather different way while considering the problems of literary translation literariness is in no way the essence of a text and a literary text is, for Riffatere one that which contains the signs which makes it obvious that it is a cultural artefact.Although he conceives of literary text as self-contained system, Riffatere too, like some other contemporary approaches sees it as a sub-system of cultural semiotic system. However, if one is to consider Riffateres notion of text in contrast to Kristevas notion of intertextuality one feels that Riffaterre is probably simplifying the problem of cultural barriers to translatability. The assumption that literary text is a cultural artefact and is related to the other social systems is widespread these days.Some of the most important theorisation based on this assumption has come from provocative and insightful perspectives of theorists like Andre Lefevere, Gideon Toury, Itamar Evan -Zohar, and Theo Hermans. These theorists are indebted to the concept of literature as system as propounded by Russian Formalists like Tynianov, Jakobson, and Czech Structuralists like Mukarovsky and Vodicka, the French Structuralists thinkers, and the Marxist thinkers who considered literature as a section of the superstructure.The central idea of this point of view is that the study of literary translation should begin with a study of the translated text rather than with the process of translation, its role, function and reception in the culture in which it is translated as well as the role of culture in influencing the process of decision making that is translation. It is fundamentally descriptive in its orientation (Toury 1985).Lefevere maintains, Literature is one of the systems which constitute the system of discourses (which also contain disciplines like physics or law. ) usually referred to as a civilization, or a society (198816). Literature for Lefevere is a subsystem of society and it interacts with other systems.He observes that there is a control factor in the literary system which sees to it that this particular system does not fall too far out of step with other systems that make up a society (p.17). He astutely observes that this control function industrial plant from outs ide of this system as well as from inside.The control function within the system is that of dominant poetics, which can be said to consist of two components one is an inventory of literary devices, genres, motifs, first characters and situations, symbols the other a concept of what the role of literature is, or should be, in the society at large. (p. 23). The educational establishment dispenses it.The second controlling factor is that of backup man. It can be exerted by persons, not necessarily the Medici, Maecenas or Louis XIV only, groups or persons, such as a religious grouping or a political party, a royal court, publishers, whether they have a virtual monopoly on the book trade or not and, last but not least, the media. The title consists of three elements the ideological component, the financial or economic component, and the element of status (p. 18-19).The system of literature, observes Lefevere, is not deterministic but it acts as a series of constraints on the reader, writer, or rewriter. The control mechanism within the literary system is represented by critics, reviewers, teachers of literature, translators and other rewriters who will adapt works of literature until they can be claimed to correspond to the poetics and the ideology of their time. It is important to note that the political and social aspect of literature is emphasised in the system approach.The cultural politics and economics of championship and publicity are seen as inseparable from literature. Rewriting is the key word here which is used by Lefevere as a convenient umbrella-term to refer to most of the activities traditionally connected with literary studies criticism, as well as translation, anthologization, the writing of literary history and the editing of texts-in fact, all those aspects of literary studies which establish and validate the value-structures of canons.Rewritings, in the widest sense of the term, adapt works of literature to a given audience and/or influenc e the ways in which readers read a work of literature. (60-61). The texts, which are rewritten, processed for a certain audience, or adapted to a certain poetics, are the refracted texts and these maintains Lefevere are responsible for the canonized status of the text (p179).Interpretation (criticism), then and translation are probably the most important forms of refracted literature, in that they are the most influential ones he notes (198490) and says, One never translates, as the models of the translation process based on the Buhler/Jakobson communication model, featuring disembodied senders and receivers, carefully isolated from all outside interference by that most effective expedient, the dotted line, would have us believe, under a sort of purely linguistic bell jar.Ideological and poetological motivations are always present in the production, or the non production of translations of literary works Translation and other refractions, then, play a vital part in the evolution o f literatures, not only by introducing new texts, authors and devices, but also by introducing them in a certain way, as part of a wider design to try to influence that evolution (97) . Translation becomes one of the parts of the refraction the rather long term strategy, of which translation is only a part, and which has as its aim the manipulation offoreign work in the service of certain aims that are felt worthy of pursuit in the native culture (1988204).This is indeed a powerful theory to study translation as it places as much importee to it as criticism and interpretation. Lefevere goes on to give some impressive analytical tools and perspectives for studying literary translation, The ideological and poetological constraints under which translations are produced should be explicated, and the strategy devised by the translator to deal with those constraints should be described does he or she make a translation in a more descriptive or in a more refractive way?What are the int entions with which he or she introduces foreign elements into the native system? Equivalence, fidelity, freedom and the like will then be seen more as functions of a strategy adopted under certain constraints, rather than absolute requirements, or norms that should or should not be imposed or respected. It will be seen that great ages of translation occur whenever a given literature recognizes another as more prestigious and tries to emulate it.Literatures will be seen to have less need of translation(s) when they are convinced of their own superiority. It will also be seen that translations are often used (think of the Imagists) by adherents of an alternative poetics to scrap the dominant poetics of a certain period in a certain system, especially when that alternative poetics cannot use the work of its own adherents to do so, because that work is not yet written (198498-99).Another major theorist working on similar lines as that of Lefevere is Gideon Toury (1985). His approach i s what he calls Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). He emphasizes the fact that translations are facts of one system only the mastermind system and it is the target or recipient culture or a certain section of it, which serves as the initiator of the decision to translate and consequently translators operate first and foremost in the interest of the culture into which they are translating.Toury very systematically charts out a step by step guide to the study of translation. He stresses that the study should begin with the empirically observed data, that is, the translated texts and proceeds from there towards the reconstruction of non-observational facts rather than the other way round as is usually done in the corpus based and traditional approaches to translation. The most interesting thing about Tourys approach (1984) isthat it takes into consideration things like pseudo-translation or the texts foisted off as translated but in fact are not so.In the very beginning when the p roblem of distinguishing a translated text from a non-translated text arises, Toury assumes that for his procedure translation will be taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. In this approach pseudotranslations are just as legitimate objects for study within DTS as literal translations.They may prove to be highly instructive for the establishment of the general notion of translation as shared by the members of a certain target language community. Then the next step in Tourys DTS would be to study their acceptability in their respective target language system followed by mapping these texts, Via their constitutive elements as commentAL PHENOMENA, on their counterparts in the appropriate source system and text, identified as such in the course of a comparative analysis, as SOLUTIONS to TRANSLATIONAL PROBLEMS.Then a scholar should proceed to identify and describe the (one-directional, irreversibl e) RELATIONSHIPS obtaining between the members of each pair and in the end to go on to refer these relationships- by means of the mediating functional-relational notion of TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE, establish as pertinent to the corpus under study-to the overall CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION underlying the corpus. It is these last two concepts which form the ultimate goal of systematic studies within DTSonly when the nature of the prevailing concept of translation has been established will it become possible to reconstruct the possible process of CONSIDERATION and DECISION-MAKING which was involved in the act of translating in question as well as the set of CONSTRAINTS which were actually accepted by the translator. (198521) Tourys step by step procedure is descriptive, empirical and inductive, beginning with the observed facts and then moving towards baring the strategies and techniques used by translator and the implicit notion and presupposition of equivalence rather than treating the notion of equivalence as given.The concept of constraint puts him in the company of Lefevere. The essential question is not of defining what is equivalence in general, whether it is possible or not, or of how to find equivalents, but of discovering what is meant by equivalence by the community or group within the target culture. These approaches are also extremely useful in the area of comparative literary studies and comparativists like Durisin (1984184-142) whose approach is in many ways similar to Lefevere and Toury in focusing on function and relation of literary translation in the target or the recipient culture.He is of reliance that it is impossible to speak of theories of translation without applying the comparative procedure, as the aim of analysis of a translation is to determine the extent to which it belongs to the developmental series of the native literature.He like the other two theorists discussed, considers the translation procedure as well as the selection of the text being primarily determined by the intact need of the recipient literature, by its capacity for absorbing the literary phenomenon of a different national literature, work, etc.and for reacting in a specific manner (integrational or differtiational) in its aesthetic features as well as the norm of time.This type of theorization is far from the traditional paradigm of translation theory that is obsessed with the ideas of fidelity and betrayal, and the notions of free vs. literal translation. Thanks to the proponents of system approach to literary translation, translation studies can boast of becoming a discipline in its own right due to the development of powerful theoretical models.However, the problem with Leferverian system is its terminology. The words refracted and rewriting presuppose that a text can be written for the first time and that it exists in a pre-non-refracted state. These presuppositions take him dangerously close to the very corpus based approach he is so vig orously attacking. Perhaps Derridian doctrine can explain why one is always in danger of belonging to the very system of thought one is criticizing. Another obvious terminal point of these types of theories is that they are rather reductionist in their approach.Though Lefevere maintains that the system concept holds that the refracted texts are mainly responsible for the canonized status of the corpus and the intrinsic role alone could not have given canonized status for them he fails to point out the exact features and qualities of the literary text which solicit refractions.Then there are problematic words like the system which Lefevere points out refer to a heuristic construct that does not emphatically possess any cast of ontological reality. and is merely used to designate a model that promises to help make sense of a very complex phenomenon, that of writing, reading and rewriting of literature (1985 225). Besides types of theories are descriptive and hence have a limited us e for the translator as well as translation criticism, which is a rather neglected branch of translation studies till date. Lefevere says that translation criticism hardly rises much above, he is wrong because Im right level (198499).He also points out that it is impossible to define once and for all, what a good translation is just as it is impossible to define once and for all what good literature is. And critic A, judging on the basis of poetics A will rule translation A good because it happens to be constructed on the basis of the principles laid down in A. Critic B, on the other hand, operating on the basis of poetics B, will damn translation A and praise translation B, for obvious reasons (1988176). He believes, voices can be taught languages and a certain awareness of how literature works. The rest is up to them.They make mistakes only on the linguistic level. The rest is strategy. (198499). The perspective of course is that of a value relativist and a culture relativist, which seem to be the politically correct and in stances today, but the stance can be seen as symptomatic in the light of deeper moral crises in the larger philosophical consideration. An ambitious and insightful essay by Raymond van den Broeck, Second Thought on Translation Criticism A Model of its Analytic Function (1985) attempts to go beyond the mere descriptive and uncourageous approach of Lefevere and Toury which tries to incorporate the ideas of their theories.Like Toury and Lefevere, Broeck stresses the importance of examination of the norms among all those involved in the production and reception of translations and remarks that it is the foremost task of translation criticism to render greater awareness of these norms but he also gives room for the critics personal value judgements. The critic may or may not agree with the particular method chosen by the translator for a particular purpose. He is entitled to doubt the effectiveness of the chosen strategies, to criticize d ecisions taken with regard to certain details.To the extent that he is himself familiar with the functional features of the source text, he will be a trustworthy guide in congress the reader where target textemes balance source textemes and where in the critics view, they do not. But he mustiness never confuse his own initial norms with those of the translator (p. 60-61). Broeck attempts a synthesis of the target culture oriented inductive descriptive approach and the notorious task of evaluating translation and the result is indeed very useful and commendable as translation evaluation is a neglected branch of translation studies.As opposed to this descriptive approach is Venutis The Translators Invisibility (1995). With a normative and extremely insightful point of view he examines historically how the norm of fluency prevailed over other translation strategies to shape the canon of foreign literatures in English. He makes a strong case for foreignness and awkwardness of the tra nslated text as a positive value in the evaluation of translation. The other approaches to the study of translation which seem to be gaining ground lay greater emphasis on the political dimension of literary translation.The more recent literary theories like New Historicism are interested in reading the contexts of power relations in a literary text. In his critical exposition of New Historicism and Cultural materialism, John Brannigan (1998) states, New Historicism is a mode of critical interpretation which privileges power relations as the most important context for texts of all kinds. As a critical practice it treats literary texts as a space where power relations are made seeable (6). Such a perspective when applied to the texts that communicate across cultures can yield very important insights and open an exciting way of thinking about translation.Tejaswini Niranjanas book Siting Translation, History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context (1995) examines translation the ories from this perspective. In a post-colonial context the problematic of translation becomes a significant site for raising questions of representation, power, and historicity. The context is one of contesting and contested stories attempting to account for, to recount, the asymmetry and inequality of relations between peoples, races, languages. In translation, the relationship between the two languages is hardly on equal terms.Niranjana draws solicitude to a rather overlooked fact that translation is between languages, which are hierarchically related, and that it is a mode of representation in another culture. When the relationship between the cultures and languages is that of colonizer and colonized, translation produces strategies of containment. By employing certain modes of representing the other-which it thereby also brings into beingtranslation reinforces hegemonic versions of the colonized, helping them acquire the status of what Edward Said calls representations or obj ects without history (p.3).She points out in the introduction that her concern is to probe the absence, lack, or repression of an awareness of asymmetry and historicity in several kinds of writing on translation (p. 9). Harish Trivedi (1997) has demonstrated how translation of Anatole Frances Thais by Premchand was distinctly a political act in the sense that it selected a text which was not part of the literature of the colonial power and that it attempted a sort of liberation of Indian literature from the tutelage of the imperially-inducted master literature, English.St-Pierre observes the fact that translators when faced with references to specific aspects of the source culture may use a variety of tactics, including non-translation, as part of their overall strategy and use many other complex tactics in order to reinvent their relations in a postcolonial context (1997423). Mahasweta Sengupta has offered a rather engaging and perceptive reading of Rabindranath Tagores autotransla tion of Gitanjali. She points out giving numerous examples, of how Rabindranath took immense liberties with his own Bengali originals in order to refashion his Bengali songs to suit the English sensibility.He modified, omitted, and rewrote his poems in the manner of the Orientalists to cater to his Western audience (1996). Bassnett and Trivedi (1999) believe that the hierarchic opposition between the original work and translation reflects the hierarchic opposition between the European colonizer culture and the colonized culture. This hierarchy, they observe, is Eurocentric, and its spread is associated with the history of colonialization, imperialism and proselytization. Because of these historical reasons, radical theories of translation have come up in the former colonies.Recalling how members of a sixteenth century Brazilian tribe called Tupinamba ate a Catholic priest, an act which could have even been an act of homage, Bassnett and Trivedi suggest that the metaphor of cannibali sm could be used for the act of translation as it is one of the ways former colonies might find a way to assert themselves and their own culture and to reject the feeling of being derivative and appellative copy, without at the same time rejecting everything that might be of value that comes from Europe.Else Ribeiro Pires Viera has considered the translation theory of Haroldo de Campos, a renowned Brazilian translator who uses very interesting metaphors for translating like, perceiving translation as blood transfusion and vampirization which actually nourishes the translator and thus subverting the hierarchic polarities of the privileged original and inauthentic translation in a post colonial context. This type of approach to translation promotes the awareness of political and historical field in which translation operates among the readers as well as the translators.Another significant statement on The Politics of Translation comes from Gayatri Chakaravorty Spivak (199895-118) who conceives of translation as an important strategy in pursuing the larger feminist agenda of achieving womens solidarity. The task of the feminist translator is to consider language as a clue to the working of gendered agency. Translation can give access to a larger number of feminists working in various languages and cultures.She advises that a translator must surrender to the text, as translation is the most intimate act of reading. It is an act of submission to the rhetorical dimension of the text. This act for Spivak is more of an erotic act than ethical. She also advises that ones first obligation in understanding solidarity is to learn other womens mother tongue rather than consider solidarity as an a priori given.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Korean Conflict Essay

AbstractIn this essay you will learn about the Korean war action and how it ended and what went wrong. Also how the United States deals with the conflict of the Korean War.How did this war affect American sensibilities, including the way Americans viewed the war and themselves? There were many contrasting consequences occurred as a result of the Korean Conflict, which ended in 1953, with thousands of fatalities but no clear victor and no peace treaty signed. The north go along to be occupied by communist forces, and the South causes an American ally. Also, Korea illustrated how a relatively contained conflict could turn into a much broader regional conflagration. As the conflict escalated, there were points in time in which China and the Soviet Union could have conceivably been drawn into the conflict, potentially resulting in another regional, or veritable(a) general war. Perhaps most importantly, Korea illustrated how tension between the U.S.S.R. and the United States could b ecome full-scale conflicts.Other long-term consequences include the establishment of permanent nuclear installations in South Korea and the commitment of conventional U.S. military equipment and troops to South Korea for decades afterwards. Did the war change Americas world and why? Other important legislative changes include the passage of the War Power Act (1973), requiring U.S. presidents to receive explicit approval from Congress before forces could be deployed overseas for combat purposes. Politically, the conflict resulted in an aversion to further American casualties, which fundamentally changed U.S. intervention in later international conflicts. The elective party also experienced serious consequences in 1968.Democratic voters, split over U.S. involvement in Vietnam, divided their votes between Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace, resulting in a Republican presidential victory a Democratic party whose political science were changed fundamentally. Economically, the Vietnam C onflict resulted in inflation as spending for Vietnam continued, but the United States remunerated largely through monetizing of the money supply. Because the Americans did not know if the Korean War was over or not so the Americans try to go on with their lives but it was hard to do so. Was the outcome of the war respectable or harmful to the United States (or a combination of both)?I do believe that the Korean War was beneficial to the United States than it was detrimental. The United States gained knowledge from the Korean War it was beneficial to them in the long run. The United States also gained awareness from the War. The United States of America became aware and more understanding of the falling domino effect of communism. After the Korean War the United States rearmed and become a world power and the United States realized that they needed to double the size of their army. For the next war that may to become of may be coming to the United States.ReferencesMy campus.aiu-on line.com/library/CourseGuide/5/Tutorials/AIUAPA/ebook.htpl Editorial Board. (2012). History. Schaumburg, IL words of wisdom. Retrieve from http//mycampus.aiu-online.com/pages/bookshelf.aspxCourse Materials HIST105-1205BU.S.HistoryU.S. Relations The Korean Warhttp//www.pbs.org/newshour.uh.edu/database/Subtitles.cfm?titleID=75

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Economic Malaysia Essay

The economy of Malaysia has expanded a lot in 2004, as in the following years, with a growth of 7.1 percent. At that time, GNI was at $ 117.1 billion and the GNI per capita at $ 4650. Malaysias economy continues to grow. In terms of purchasing power parity, the country was the twenty-ninth largest economy on the globe, having gross domestic help product at $357.9 billion in 2007. Due to its continuous development in the industrial sector, Malaysia has one of the biggest living standards in south-east Asia. RELATED ARTICLESTHE 2008 ECONOMIC RECESSION AND ASIAE-Commerce Adoption By Malaysian OrganizationsMalaysian CultureThe Implications Of Multiculturalism On Competition Law In MalaysiaMalaysia has rich natural resources ornamentation crude, timber, tin, crude petroleum and rubber. Agriculture accounts for 12 per cent of the countrys GDP. 16 per cent of the working population is employed in the domain of agriculture. The some implicationant crops are palm oil, cocoa and rubber, but also fruits and vegetables coconuts, pineapples, rambutan, bananas and durian.The country cannot satisfy the populations everyday need for rice, so Malaysia is forced to import it from the neighboring countries such as Vietnam or Thailand. Malaysia is the biggest producer of palm oil in the world it produced 10 million metric tons of palm oil in 1999, most of which was exported. Malaysia is also a big exporter of rubber and wood tropical logs, sawed tropical timber, hardwood.The manufacturing sector provides furniture, office machines, electrical machines and appliances, clothing, footwear. International trade has a big role in the countrys economy, as it is one of the three countries controlling the Strait of Malacca. 48% of the countrys GDP is cover by the industrial sector banking, telecommunications, tobacco, transportation, utilities. Bank Negara Malaysia regulates the financial sector in Malaysia. It licenses limits for foreign participation. In 2001, the central bank laun ched a Financial Sector compass Plan to recuperate the financial sectorafter the financial crisis in Asia, with an emphasis on Islamic Banks.Poverty is still a big erupt to be solved. Urban poverty seems to have been neglected in the favor of rural poverty, because it is considered that only 2 percent of the urban population lives in poverty. Malaysias economy managed to sustain a fast economic development in the last thirty years. It has reduced poverty and provided a better environment for the ethnic groups in the country. The World Bank confirms the fact that growth was registered in all Malaysian sectors. Growth was continuous for 5 years mostly due to domestic consumption. The private investments led to a private sector, increasing the countrys economy.http//www.articlesbase.com/economics-articles/malaysian-economy-821769.html

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Sqc – Statistical Quality Control

Statistical quality control (SQC) The application of statistical techniques to measure and evaluate the quality of a product, service, or process. Two prefatory categories I. Statistical process control (SPC) the application of statistical techniques to determine whether a process is functioning as desired II. Acceptance consume the application of statistical techniques to determine whether a population of items should be accepted or rejected based on chafferion of a test of those items. Quality Measurement Attrisolelyes vs Variables Attri howeveresCharacteristics that atomic public figure 18 measured as either acceptable or not acceptable, thus have only discrete, binary, or integer values. Variables Characteristics that atomic number 18 measured on a continuous scale. Statistical Process bidding (SPC) Methods Statistical process control (SPC) monitors specified quality characteristics of a product or service so as To detect whether the process has changed in a way that pass on affect product quality and To measure the current quality of products or services. lead is maintained through the use of control graphs. The maps have fastness and lower ontrol limits and the process is in control if hear measurements are between the limits. engage Charts for Attributes P Charts measures harmonise defective. C Charts measures the second of defects/unit. make Charts for Variables X bar and R charts are used together control a process by ensuring that the exemplar average and range remain within limits for both. Basic Procedure 1. An stop number control limit (UCL) and a lower control limit (LCL) are circumstances for the process. 2. A random taste of the product or service is taken, and the specified quality characteristic is measured. . If the average of the sample of the quality characteristic is higher than the upper control limit or lower than the lower control limit, the process is considered to be out of control. CONTROL CHARTS FOR ATTRI BUTES p-Charts for Proportion Defective p-chart a statistical control chart that plots movement in the sample equipoise defective (p) over time Procedure 1. take a random sample and descry each item 2. determine the sample proportion defective by dividing the number of defective items by the sample size 3. lot the sample proportion defective on the control chart and compare with UCL and LCL to determine if process is out of control The underlying statistical sampling distribution is the binomial distribution, but terminate be approximated by the normal distribution with stand for = u = np (Note add the bars above the meanspiriteds used in any the equations in this section) standard deviation of p sigmap = square root of (p(1 -p ) / n) where p = historical population proportion defective and n = sample size Control Limits UCL = u + z sigmap LCL = u z sigma p is the number of standard deviations from the mean. It is doctor based how certain you wish to be that when a limit is exceeded it is delinquent to a change in the process proportion defective rather than payable to sample variability. For example If z = 1 if p has not changed you give still exceed the limits in 32% of the samples (68% confident that mean has changed if the limits are exceeded. z = 2 limits will be exceeded in 4. 5 (95. 5 % sureness that mean has changed) z = 3 limits will be exceeded in . 03 (99. % impudence) c-Charts for Number of Defects Per Unit c-chart a statistical control chart that plots movement in the number of defects per unit. Procedure 1. randomly select one item and count the number of defects in that item 2. plot the number of defects on a control chart 3. compare with UCL and LCL to determine if process is out of control The underlying sampling distribution is the Poisson distribution, but offer be approximated by the normal distribution with mean = c standard deviation = square root of c here c is the historical average number of defects/unit Control Limits UCL = c + z c LCL = c z c Control Charts for Variables Two charts are used together R-chart (range chart) and X barchart (average chart) two the process variability (measured by the R-chart) and the process average (measured by the X bar chart) must be in control before the process mass be said to be in control. Process variability must be in control before the X bar chart foundation be developed because a measure of process variability is required to determine the -chart control limits.R-Chart for Process Variability UCLR = D4(R) LCLR = D3(R) where is the average of late(prenominal) R values, and D3 and D4 are constants based on the sample size -Chart for Process Average UCLR = X bar + A2(R) LCL = X bar A2(R) where X bar is the average of several gone values, and A2 is a constant based on the sample size Other Types of Attribute- sampling Plans Double-Sampling Plan Specifies two sample sizes (n1 and n2) and two acceptance levels (c1 and c2) 1. f the first sample passes (act ual defects c1), the lot is accepted 2. if the first sample fails and actual defects c2, the lot is rejected 3. if first sample fails but c1 actual defects c2, the second sample is taken and judged on the combined number of defectives found. Sequential-Sampling Plan Each time an item is inspected, a decision is made whether to accept the lot, reject it, or continue sampling. Acceptance Sampling Goal To accept or reject a batch of items.Frequently used to test incoming materials from suppliers or other parts of the organization prior to submission into the production process. Used to determine whether to accept or reject a batch of products. Measures number of defects in a sample. Based on the number of defects in the sample the batch is either accepted or rejected. An acceptance level c is specified. If the number of defects in the sample is c the atch is accepted, otherwise it is rejected and subjected to nose candy% inspection.Sqc Statistical Quality ControlStatistical qualit y control (SQC) The application of statistical techniques to measure and evaluate the quality of a product, service, or process. Two basic categories I. Statistical process control (SPC) the application of statistical techniques to determine whether a process is functioning as desired II. Acceptance Sampling the application of statistical techniques to determine whether a population of items should be accepted or rejected based on inspection of a sample of those items. Quality Measurement Attributes vs Variables AttributesCharacteristics that are measured as either acceptable or not acceptable, thus have only discrete, binary, or integer values. Variables Characteristics that are measured on a continuous scale. Statistical Process Control (SPC) Methods Statistical process control (SPC) monitors specified quality characteristics of a product or service so as To detect whether the process has changed in a way that will affect product quality and To measure the current quality of pr oducts or services. Control is maintained through the use of control charts. The charts have upper and lower ontrol limits and the process is in control if sample measurements are between the limits. Control Charts for Attributes P Charts measures proportion defective. C Charts measures the number of defects/unit. Control Charts for Variables X bar and R charts are used together control a process by ensuring that the sample average and range remain within limits for both. Basic Procedure 1. An upper control limit (UCL) and a lower control limit (LCL) are set for the process. 2. A random sample of the product or service is taken, and the specified quality characteristic is measured. . If the average of the sample of the quality characteristic is higher than the upper control limit or lower than the lower control limit, the process is considered to be out of control. CONTROL CHARTS FOR ATTRIBUTES p-Charts for Proportion Defective p-chart a statistical control chart that plots movem ent in the sample proportion defective (p) over time Procedure 1. take a random sample and inspect each item 2. determine the sample proportion defective by dividing the number of defective items by the sample size 3. lot the sample proportion defective on the control chart and compare with UCL and LCL to determine if process is out of control The underlying statistical sampling distribution is the binomial distribution, but can be approximated by the normal distribution with mean = u = np (Note add the bars above the means used in wholly the equations in this section) standard deviation of p sigmap = square root of (p(1 -p ) / n) where p = historical population proportion defective and n = sample size Control Limits UCL = u + z sigmap LCL = u z sigma p is the number of standard deviations from the mean. It is set based how certain you wish to be that when a limit is exceeded it is due to a change in the process proportion defective rather than due to sample variability. For exam ple If z = 1 if p has not changed you will still exceed the limits in 32% of the samples (68% confident that mean has changed if the limits are exceeded. z = 2 limits will be exceeded in 4. 5 (95. 5 % confidence that mean has changed) z = 3 limits will be exceeded in . 03 (99. % confidence) c-Charts for Number of Defects Per Unit c-chart a statistical control chart that plots movement in the number of defects per unit. Procedure 1. randomly select one item and count the number of defects in that item 2. plot the number of defects on a control chart 3. compare with UCL and LCL to determine if process is out of control The underlying sampling distribution is the Poisson distribution, but can be approximated by the normal distribution with mean = c standard deviation = square root of c here c is the historical average number of defects/unit Control Limits UCL = c + z c LCL = c z c Control Charts for Variables Two charts are used together R-chart (range chart) and X barchart (average chart) both(prenominal) the process variability (measured by the R-chart) and the process average (measured by the X bar chart) must be in control before the process can be said to be in control. Process variability must be in control before the X bar chart can be developed because a measure of process variability is required to determine the -chart control limits.R-Chart for Process Variability UCLR = D4(R) LCLR = D3(R) where is the average of past R values, and D3 and D4 are constants based on the sample size -Chart for Process Average UCLR = X bar + A2(R) LCL = X bar A2(R) where X bar is the average of several past values, and A2 is a constant based on the sample size Other Types of Attribute-Sampling Plans Double-Sampling Plan Specifies two sample sizes (n1 and n2) and two acceptance levels (c1 and c2) 1. f the first sample passes (actual defects c1), the lot is accepted 2. if the first sample fails and actual defects c2, the lot is rejected 3. if first sample fails but c1 actual defects c2, the second sample is taken and judged on the combined number of defectives found. Sequential-Sampling Plan Each time an item is inspected, a decision is made whether to accept the lot, reject it, or continue sampling. Acceptance Sampling Goal To accept or reject a batch of items.Frequently used to test incoming materials from suppliers or other parts of the organization prior to inlet into the production process. Used to determine whether to accept or reject a batch of products. Measures number of defects in a sample. Based on the number of defects in the sample the batch is either accepted or rejected. An acceptance level c is specified. If the number of defects in the sample is c the atch is accepted, otherwise it is rejected and subjected to one C% inspection.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Lincoln Electric expansion to India Essay

food market intromission strategy involves the essential requirement for a family to run short into global level. The need of involving other companies whereby two companies join to dragher is referred to as roast menace entry. They get into a similar mart and make the same production with the aim of sharing risk and at the same time they packet the profit according to their terms of agreement (Kretzberg, 2007). in that respectfore, capital of Nebraska Electric caller-up has a chance to join with other alliance to venture in the Indian market. through the joint venture strategy in Indian market, capital of Nebraska Electric has a chance of attracting wider market sh ar in the region.The study call upation is done through and through extensive study of the market military position through various considerations. Market environment has a wide consideration depending on the factors such as policy-making, friendly and economic integration. The basic considerations that L incoln come with has to consider argon directed in achievement in the market increase (Hastings, 1995). Concerning the Indian market structure, introduction of welding company is essential in root to the technological improvement. The factors concerning the technology in the region, it covers the different cycloramas especially in developing market. While considering joint venture strategy in international market, the major considerations are made depending on communication channel environment. This involves political, economic and mixer culture of the region.External environmentPolitical status of the region helps in decision making regarding international marketing and business expressment. The major factors are on the risks that are involved while setting the business and the response from the market. The references are done in respect to the intention of the company and the level of investment (North & Trabajo, 1997). Lincoln Electric has a high chance of introducing its o peration at Indian industries due to stability in the political field. The issues regarding the politicalsituation in India are attractive to the investors. There is no major terror regarding the Lincoln Electric company investing in the region.The Lincoln Electric company has to prosecute advantages of the political situation in India. The Indian organization offers full support in the provision of security and ensuring investments are safeguarded. On international investors, the government acknowledges their participation in the provision of employment in the region (Theobald, 2008). Therefore, they take high initiative in protecting the companies through different acts regarding business and industries. The political entrust in Indian government in upholding the foreign companies ensures development throughout. Therefore, political stability of the country has a major effect on the business setting and its operation.Economics backgroundIndia has a promising economic situation whereby investors consider it as a strong initiative leading to prosperity. Lincoln Electric Company has to consider long term condition regarding the market and economy of the region. The basis of market and competition helps in introducing grab measures regarding the time to surveil of the Lincoln Electric company. The management has chosen appropriately the markets that rescue a promising future and having the market structure that have the capability of improvement (Majumdar & Saad, 2005). The competitions in the region are based on the development capacity. Lincoln Electric Company deals with the electrical materials and so taking advantage of Indian market. Through the technological improvement in the region, the Lincoln Electric company has the chances of improving the production. The major aim is attached to market share increase through innovative strategies in technology.India is a superior country that the company ought to invest in since it has a wider market that requires the electrical materials. Few industries in the country propose the mandatory electrical materials. Hence, it would be vital for the Lincoln Electric Company to expand its operations in this country. considerable profits will result from the company expanding its operations to India. The average sale of the companys products will improve it will hence be able to produce more products for the India market (Fratianni, 2006). Different tools offer be used to analyze the expansion of this company in India. The expansion of the company will have different inferences the company may gethigh level of profits or get losses. wage can use as a good measure of the companys expansion in a certain region. The success of the company is normally measured by the level of profits that it generates by involving itself in a certain venture. In this case this company is completing whether to place the India market or not. It is recommendable for the company to enter India market since the re is high demand for its products in the country (Hafford-Letchfield, 2010).Though its products true mixed reactions from China and Japan, the company can take encouragement from the fact that the Indian market did not compose of more electrical companies like in the case of china and Japan. The degree of competition in India is low while the demand is high. Applying the law of demand and supply, entry to the Indian market will indicate an increase in the profits of the company (Kuada, 2008). The demand for its products would be in the rise in this country. The deed of the welding materials in Asia countries for the country in the early years was not as expected for the country. There were mixed reactions for its products across the consumers. The reactions arose from trade restrictions that were imposed by the governments. Companies were to produce consumer products at low cost, and hence they would be provided to the consumers at low costs. This then gives the company a hect ic decision, and they have to resolve to enter the market of not (Combe, 2006, p. 108).If the company enters this market, it can expect anything to happen, it may either get improved profits or in turn it would get losses. The companies to India would imply that the company will increase its market share across different regions in India. It would then be possible to market itself to the locals by having its local company. The companys improved sales would also imply that the company would be able to contend with other transnational companies that deal in the manufacture of welding and electrical products. India is among the growing countries, and attributed by the countrys gross domestic product growth is high. The market is important, and its annual GDP is relatively high that of Latin countries combined together. India is projected to be an economic powerhouse in the next coming years (Kretzberg, 2007). This implies that the country is doing well economically, and it is, therefo re, vital for the Lincoln Company to join the Indian market.The company need o considerate some vital aspect before it have resolved on expanding to the Indian market. It shouldcarefully analyze the market situation in the country (Chadwick, 2002). This helps the company to analyze the competitors of its products. Competitors are vital the company should be more realistic and come up with strategies that would help it deal with competition. Strategy that the company should use to enter the Indian market (joint venture) pin venture is essential for the Lincoln Electric company entering new market it can enter the market on different grounds. The Indian welding market is made of three large competitors and teensy-weensy companies that sell their products at low discount (McClave & Benson, 1988). Considering the performance of the three companies in this market, the level of competition is high. The entry of Lincoln Company would hence impact the market, and high level of compilation would be witnessed. Since the Lincoln Company is well-established company with different multinational companies in different countries, it should then stand on its cause and provide its products to this market.As storied from the provided context different companies that tried to enter the market by either group meeting or acquisition found it rough to make it in the market (Miles, 2014, p. 153). Since the company is well financially grounded and wants to establish itself as a global, multinational, it should then make all the indispensable structures required to enter this market. both the basic installation needed should be adopted by the company so that it can be in a position to compete with other companies in the market The company should establish itself on its own since it would signify an element of intent that would increase competition with its rivals (Tsoukas & Chia, 2011, p. 421). The company is also in a position to expand its production capacity when it has forme d the company on its own. It would not be pall to commitments resulting from companies merging. The joint venture is a strategic entry of this company should be based on the validation of a new company that would use different inputs in the production of its product.This strategy is important since- as noted in the China case the company should form the establish itself on its own since legitimate issues might arise in the case that the company enters the market in partnership with other companies. league would restrict the growth of the firm, and there would be a dispute in profits sharing. It was also noted that the right decisions could not be made in the right time, and it took time while making decisions poignant the company. Due to the increase in the demand welding materialsin southwest Korea the companys distributer could not ply for the requirements needed by the shipping companies. The Company could have catered for the demand if it had established its own company dealing in the production of welding materials. This then forms the base for the company to establish its rig in demand so as to cater for the future changes in demand (Tompkins, 2005). This is possible in the case that the company is able to adopt new technology in manufacturing its products.Lincoln could not cater for the demand of his products across South Korea since his was not involved in the manufacture of the materials while in South Korea. In Japan, the company production was limited the company did not have any market touch base and hence was not involved in the final market demand of the products. The company faced many challenges while in its operation like the poor power supply. The power system was impaired hence the company could not function to optimality (Robert French & Vince, 1999).The company should have entered the Japan market with all the necessary machines that are needed to produce its product hence it would be in a position to compete with the other compe titors in this region. It is hence ideal for a company to enter the Indian market on it owns since it would cope with all the challenges without delaying its production. Entering the market in any other form would imply that the company would not be to handle the pressure that results from competitors (Daft, 2001, p. 212). The Indian market is demands welding materials hence the company should establish a renowned plant to help in the manufacture of its products.Challenges faced by adopting this approachIt is heavily for the company to establish itself with the other competitors in India. The Indian market is made of different companies that deal in the production of welding materials. Establishing its products requires the company to use advanced marketing strategies that would outdo the competitors.ConclusionThe company inescapably to apply strategic management rules, which would help it establish its strength and weakness. This approach requires the company to sets its goals an d objectives that would help it to chance upon the risks that are associated with its operations. The company should keenly analyze thekey aspects that might hinder its operations, and the factors might be inbred or the external factors. Analyzing the situations would help it to gather momentum, and, hence, would cope with competition from rivals.The company might find it wicked to make in the market since some of the consumers would not regard its products. Another challenge, which the company would face, is a commodious capital outlay that it requires to establish itself. Since the company is establishing a new plant, it would need a lot of funds to make the structures and buy equipments. The legal process needed to establish the plant may be ungainly hence the firm may take time to start its operations in the country. Some government procedures required to establish the company may take time before they are provided by the government, these are like the licenses needed to e stablish the company.ReferencesCHADWICK, R. ( 2002). Business and economics. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. COMBE, C. ( 2006). Introduction to e-business management and strategy. Amsterdam Boston Butterworth-Heinemann. DAFT, R. L. ( 2001). scheme theory and design. Cincinnati, Ohio South-Western College Pub. FRATIANNI, M. (2006). Regional economic integration. Amsterdam Boston Elsevier JAI. HAFFORD-LETCHFIELD, T. (2010). Social care management, strategy and business planning. London Philadelphia Jessica Kingsley Publishers. HASTINGS, D. F. (1995). The Lincoln Electric Company the actual is limited the possible is immense. New York, Newcomen Society of the United States. KRETZBERG, A. (2007). Market entry strategies for emerging economies. Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang KUADA, J. (2008). International market analysis theories and methods. Adonis and Abbey. MAJUMDAR, M. A., & SAAD, M. (2005). passage and development in Algeria economic, social and cultural challenges. Bristol Intellect. MCCLAVE, J. T., & BENSON, P. G. (1988). Statistics for business and economics. San Francisco Dellen Pub. Co. MILES, J. A. ( 2014). New directions in management and organization theory. Newcastle upon Tyne Cambridge Scholars Publishing. NORTH, K., & TRABAJO., O. I. (1997). environmental business management an introduction. Geneva International Labour Office. ROBERT FRENCH, M., & VINCE, R. ( 1999). Group relations, management, and organization. New York Oxford University Press. THEOBALD, R. H. (2008). Environmental management. New York Nova erudition Publishers. TOMPKINS, J. (2005). Organization theory and public management. Belmont, CA Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. TSOUKAS, H., & CHIA, R. C. ( 2011). Philosophy and organization theory. Bingley, UK Emerald.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Globalisation and the Nation-State

Emerging nations such as China and India defy likewise allowed companies to reduce output costs and target wider developing consumers. With these opportunities and with legion(predicate) of the former(a) opportunities surrounding sphericalization stintings now mien at the economy on a lobar scale as opposed to a field scale which has led to conflicting perspectives on the spend of the nation-state.As early as 1969 sparings such as Charles Kindergrtner sparked the perspective that the nation state Is Just about through as an economic unit (Eagleburger 1969 207) The side by side(p) essay give look at globularization in terms of the economy and look at two of these businesses currently operating knowledge domain-widely to see if the role of the person nation-state government remains live despite the trend towards globalisation. Firstly integrity must define what libations actually Is and what type of organizations qualifies as a global company.Researchers suggest that globalization is one of the most misused and one of the most confused speech nearly today (Dickens, 2007). Globalization is a widely used term that has no simple interpretation Instead researchers suggest that the word has become a convenient summary term used by many to bundle together virtually all the goods and bad facing contemporary societies (Dickens, 2007). There is one comment that most globalizes will agree upon and thats that it is a process by which the experience of e actuallyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and Ideas, Is becoming order around the world. In terms of the economic globalization that essay will be concentrating on, Globalization Is a level of economic activity that has outgrown national markets through industrial combinations and commercialized groupings that cross national frontiers, and international agreements that allow businesses to die hard Internationally (Hirsh, 1996) Lloyd TTS Is one company that can be defined as a global or ganization. Lloyd TTS Is an International bank thats part of Lloyd banking group. Its head office is in London and it originated in 1745 as a personal banking service with one single office in Birmingham.In the 1 sass Lloyd began to expand offices through Europe, India and South America. In the late sasss Lloyd acquired other International businesses and concisely had hundreds of offices in over 50 dissimilar countries. McDonalds is a fast nutrition restaurant. It was formed in 1948 in California and is currently the largest fast food restaurant In the world. It currently has 31,000 restaurants in 118 countries. Macdonald has become global as more than 75% of McDonalds restaurants relied are owned as a franchise.Both companies are big global companies that are as successful as they are as they view the world as one place and not in terms of nation-state governments. Although both companies are similar In the sense that they consort globally they are both very different organiza tions. Lloyd TTS began in the UK and have bought other companies and diversified to pull together its global recognition. McDonalds however, 1 OFF operates In ten T sector Ana stall manly operates alertly In ten A It galena global standing by franchising the brand and the products across the worldThere are also other key differences between the companies. As well as operating in different economic sectors, Researchers suggest that although both organizations operate as transnational organizations their global operations are completely different. Lloyd TTS is a global organization as its overseas operations are delivery of the similar service to Just different consumers, whilst the same researchers would describe McDonalds as a Multinational Organization as it views much of its overseas operations as a portfolio of independently run businesses (Bartlett, 2000)On both Lloyd TTS and McDonalds there are major influences affecting them as they operate in the globalizes economy. Globali zation and international companies arriving in separate national-states have always been met with a mixture of positively charged and banish perspectives due to the instant challenge it brings to the uses and the very existence of the nation-state. There are currently 194 individual nation-states in the world (Rosenberg, 2009). Each state has its own common culture and has its own way of regime its state.With forward-looking technologies, transportation and communications and the fact that organizations are now creating a standardized way of alive it can be assumed that the power and control once held by the nation-state is being severely reduced. referable to the claims by theorists such as Kindergrtner (1969) there has been much study sparked into the existence of the nation-state and the uses of globalization. In the globalization indicate there are three conflicting perspectives on the uses of the nation-state.The first perspective is that of the Hyper-Globalizes, who argue that we live in a borderless world and the nation- state is no longer relevant. The Hyper- Globalizes view globalization as a new development and suggest that the worlds cultures and experiences are becoming homogeneous through standardized global products. The second opinion is the Skeptical Internationalists who accept that globalization exists however believe that its not new and the grounding globalizes who believe that numerical date is Just as important as qualitative date in the debate.According to Dickens (2007IPPP) the roles of the nation-state in the contemporary global economy has four key roles containers of institutions and cultures, regulators of economic activities, competitors with other states and elaborators with other states and when globalization intrudes these roles its lots met with a degree of negativity Lloyd TTS and McDonalds are diversifying into these individual nation-states and as a result are sometimes met with this negativity and political conc ern targeted towards the hyper-globalizes perspective.These companies and most of the companies that are isolating are often from Western predominate economies and arrive with western values and cultural interests. Hilton (1998) suggests that one of the main ban impacts on these organizations and libations in command is that they are incorporating third world and developing economies into the global economy only as passive consumers of standardized products and nothing more suggesting that although these companies are operating globally the economic wealth and growth still lives within its pilot program national economy which widens the gap between the rich and poor countries.Omaha (1995) considers the standardization of culture as a negative impact on globalization. These Uninominal nation-states Tanat companies Like Lloyd Dank Ana c an ass are penetrating have individual cultural values and beliefs. Both companies are bringing their Western cultural values into these individua l nations and creating a standardized culture within. McDonalds for example has a very western cultural style to its food, items on its menu such as French fries and hamburgers are very much western orientated foods.The very way in which McDonalds delivers its food in fast food restaurants, through American style diners and engender troughs again reflect the western cultural values which are now being adapted and standardized around the world. Omaha (1995) suggests that these changes can be seen as negative impacts and are seen as a challenge to the importance and use of a nation-state if the world is starting to live in a standardized way.There are many negative opinions in the role of the nation-state debate and evidence to suggest that we are beginning to live in a homogeneity environment however, there have been many upstart events that have shown that despite the trend to globalization the nation-state is still spanking and that we do not live in a homogeneity world. One rec ent event thats affected nearly everyone is the global recession or the quote Crunch the world is currently experiencing.The Credit Crunch can be defined as a severe shortage of money or credit (BBC, BBC NEWS, 2009) and is caused by banks not lending out money. Lloyd TTS is one of many financial institutions affected in the credit crunch due to the very nature of the business and the fact that deregulation in the global financial economy allowed banks to lend money in insecure lax borrowers, especially in the American mortgage economy Where billions of dollars was invested into mortgages made available to sub-prime borrowers (people with bad credit rating, no Jobs, no repayment amounts) at a low interest rate.When interest rates started to increase people began to default on borrowings which meant the value of these investments plummeted resulting in huge losses for banks globally (Badmouth, 2009), including Lloyd TTS. As a result of this lax lending Lloyd and many other global ban ks were laboured to write off millions of pounds of debts. Lloyd were left 250 million short (BBC 2007) which left them at a huge loss and unconfined to lend out more money. As a result of the financial difficulties Lloyd were forced to make over two thousand people redundant and were left to turn to the nation-state for help.In terms of the nation-sate debate its evident in economic downturns such as the global credit crunch and the current recession the nation-state is vital for companies such as Lloyd to survive. The British government used tax-payers funds to bail out the bank by planning them with over a billion pounds worth of investment. McDonalds, operating in a completely different economic sector completely survived the economic downturn as people looked to them for a cheap source of food and drink.McDonalds made a profit through the economic downturn and look set to do the same this year (McDonalds. Com 2009). Further to the debate that we do not live in a homogeneity w orld is the fact that states regulate trade, foreign investment and industry and all(prenominal) state takes an individual stance on how they do this. Policies towards imports and exports are individual in every state and McDonalds and Lloyd TTS have to comply with these policies in each individual state.